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Hawaiians viewed this development nervously, since the sugar trade with the United States funded three-fourths of the kingdom’s imports and almost all of its exports. That fall protectionist Republicans gained control of the U.S. After the monarchy was overthrown, the palace functioned as governmental headquarters until 1969. tiles/non-collection/A/APA_essay1_55_IolaniPalace_LC.xml Image courtesy of the Library of Congress Constructed in the late 19th century, Iolani Palace was briefly the residence of the Hawaiian royal family. A Native-Hawaiian jury found the defendants not guilty. First charged with treason, they were tried for conspiracy. After hours of being holed up in a nearby bungalow under bombardment from the Royal Guard, Wilcox and his followers surrendered. Relying on his military training, he marched roughly 150 men on Iolani Palace only to find the palace closed and the King spirited away. Following a brief self-imposed exile in San Francisco in 1888 in fear of reprisal, Wilcox and his coconspirators moved forward with their plan on July 30, 1889. Party conspirators plotted to force King Kalakaua’s abdication in favor of his sister, Liliuokalani, who Native Hawaiians believed would show a firmer hand against the haole government. In frustration, Wilcox turned to the more radical elements of the National Reform Party. The government recalled Wilcox, a Native Hawaiian, from an exchange program in Italy, and he returned to Honolulu without a promised prestigious military appointment. The assertion of haole influence changed the career trajectory of a young military student, Robert W. Businessmen, missionaries, and planters rallied to the Reform Party while Native Hawaiians who met the voting requirements organized the National Reform Party in opposition. New political parties emerged in the revolution’s wake. The so-called “Bayonet Constitution” sharply restricted the powers of the monarchy and limited suffrage to property owners, which had the effect of disenfranchising most Native Hawaiians. Dole and Lorrin Thurston, forced King Kalakaua to sign a new constitution radically restructuring the Hawaiian government. On June 30, 1887, an organization of haole lawyers and sugar planters, accompanied by an armed militia and led by attorneys Sanford B. tiles/non-collection/A/APA_essay1_54_Kalakaua_LC.xml Image courtesy of the Library of Congress Foreign lawyers and sugar planters forced King Kalakaua of Hawaii to sign a new constitution in 1887, which drastically restricted the power of his government.
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Brewer & Company, Castle & Cooke, and Alexander & Baldwin. By 1870 these American descendants had become the “Big Five” sugar companies: Ladd & Company, H. Hawaiian monarchs provided favorable land grants. American settlers soon turned their energies from missionary work to profiteering and invested heavily in sugar cultivation. The missionaries’ successes led the board to proclaim the islands Christianized and to turn over control of the missions to the locals. Since the 1820s, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions had sent Protestant missionaries from New England, many of whom eventually settled permanently in Hawaii. The Hawaiian Islands had long been a convenient port of call for American whalers, seal hunters, and traders to China. What followed was a fight for power and security among four groups under the shadow of the United States: monarchs, Native Hawaiians, the sugar companies, and immigrants. The plantations, in turn, attracted immigrants from the other side of the Pacific, principally Japanese and Chinese contract laborers. Native Hawaiians began referring to these Caucasian colonials as haoles, loosely meaning “foreigner” in the Hawaiian language. The new economy in Hawaii centered on the cultivation and refinement of sugar, run by white, non-native businessmen. American colonists and missionaries gradually usurped power from the Polynesian people native to the Hawaiian Islands who suddenly found their way of life divorced from the economic strength of the country. President William McKinley officiates the wedding while Senator John Tyler Morgan of Alabama, who supported American expansion, stands watch.Īs was the case in the Philippines, the APA experience in Hawaii developed as a direct consequence of America’s imperial ambitions. tiles/non-collection/A/APA_essay1_51_ShotgunWedding_LC.xml Image courtesy of the Library of Congress In 1897 the satirical magazine Puck printed this political cartoon depicting “another shotgun wedding, with neither party willing” between Uncle Sam and a female personification of Hawaii.